Description of a new species of Hypselodoris (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia: Chromodoridae) from Venezuela

              Rev. Acad. Canar. Cienc, XXIII (Num. 3), 93-106 (201 1 ) (publicado en abril de 2012)
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF HYPSELODORIS
(GASTROPODA: NUDIBRANCHIA: CHROMODORIDIDAE)
FROM VENEZUELA
M. Caballer' ' & J. Ortea-
' Department of Oceanology and Coastal Sciences, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research
Ctra. Panamericana km 1 1, Miranda, Venezuela. Corresponding author: manuelcaballergutierrez@^hotmail.com
- Department BOS. University of Oviedo. Calle Catedratico Valentin Andres Alvarez s n
33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
^ Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue de Buflbn. 75005 Paris, France
ABSTR.\CT
Anew species of the gastropod genus Hypselodoris Stimpson. 1855 is described from
the continental coasts of Venezuela. Hypselodoris samiieli sp. no\ . is characterized by the uni-form
dark blue colouration of the rhinophores, the rhinophoral sheath outlined by yellow pig-ment,
not forming a ring on juveniles, the lack of mantle glands after the rhinophores, the
jaws with two triangular smooth areas and small pin-shaped denticles on its ventral central re-gion
and by the e\olve of mantle colour pattern with the size.
Key words: MoUusca, Gastropoda, Hypselodoris samueli sp. no\'., species complex.
Caribbean.
RESUMEN
Se describe una especie nueva del genero Hypselodoris de las costas continentales de
Venezuela. Hypselodoris samueli especie nueva se caracteriza por la coloracion azul oscuro
uniforme de los rinoforos, las vainas rinoforicas perfiladas con pigmento amarillo aunque sin
formar un anillo en los juveniles, la ausencia de glandulas del manto despues en la zona pos-terior
a los rinoforos, las mandibulas con dos areas triangulares lisas y con denticulos en fomia
de chincheta en el centro de su region ventral y por la evolucion del patron de coloracion en
relacion a la talla.
Palabras clave: Moluscos, Gasteropodos, Hypselodoris samueli especie nueva, com-plejos
de especies, Caribe.
93
1. INTRODUCTION
The genus Hypselodoris Stimpson, 1855 consists of small to medium size unshelled
gastropods with brightful colours on their bodies and chemical defenses on their mantle
glands, predating on sponges, which have both, metamorphic and ametamorphic develop-ment.
It is one of the most diverse genus in the Family Chromodorididae Bergh, 1891 (Ortea,
Valdes & Garcia-Gomez [12]) and comprises approximately 76 species (Johnson [8]; Ca-baller,
Bouchet & Gofas [3]), of them, only 1 1 live in the Western Atlantic.
The first synthesis of the Family in the Atlantic is due to Ortea et al. [12], who con-sider
7 valid species of Hypselodoris in the Western side; 5 endemic to the Caribbean and 2
with a wider distribution that includes Brazil; Hypselodoris picta (Schultz, 1836) and
Hypselodoris marci Marcus, 1971 . These authors also established the characters useful to dis-tinguish
species.
Afterwards, Valdes et al. [14] recognize a total of 8 valid species in the Caribbean,
plus 6 unnamed or doubtful.
From 1996 to the present, 3 species have been described in Western Atlantic: 2 in the
Caribbean; Hypselodoris lilyeveae A\Q]2indx'mo & Valdes, 2006 and Hypselodoris olgae Ortea
& Bacallado, 2007 (in the species complex of H. marci) and one endemic to Brazil;
Hypselodoris juliae Dacosta, Padula & Schrodl, 2010.
The intricate taxonomic history of the genus in Western Atlantic (summarized in Table
1) may be explained by the difficulties in distinguishing species and by the existence of se-veral
species complexes that share similar colour patterns (Alejandrino & Valdes [1]). Thus,
the assumption that similar specimens from different localities are conspecific based only on
external morphology may lead to misidentifications and taxonomic confusion (Dacosta,
Padula & Schrodl [4]).
There is a group of species who share mantle edge with a wide white band with black
spots, blue-green background and yellow-orange markings or lines in the dorsum. This group
includes: Hypselodoris bayeri (Marcus & Marcus, 1967), H. marci and H. olgae. In the pre-sent
work a big sized new species oi Hypselodoris from Venezuela, close related to H. bay-eri,
is described.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The specimens were collected by snorkeling in the National Park Morrocoy, Venezuela
(march 2010). A Carl Zeiss stereomicroscope was used to take data on external anatomy and
color patterns. The animals were photographed alive and then preserved in ethanol 96 %. To
compare with other species of the genus, diagrams were made of the general internal anatomy,
jaws, radula and genital apparatus using an Olympus SZ16 stereomicroscope. SEM images
were taken at the Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN).
The specimens are deposited in MNHN and in the Marine Organisms Section of the
Biological Collections of the Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (Register number
028), Miranda, Venezuela (SOM-IVIC).
94
3. SYSTEMATICS
Family CHROMODORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891
Genus HypselodoHs Stimpson, 1855
Type species: Hypselodoris ohsciira (Stimpson, 1855), by monotypy.
Hypselodoris samueli sp. nov.
(Figures 1-4)
Type material: Holotypc: adult. cS5 mm long alive, dissected, jaw and radula mounted for SEM. rest pre-served
in 96 % ethanol. (type locality: Mouth of El Ocho lagoon. Morrocoy. State Falcon, west coast of
Venezuela [OLV]. coordinates: 10°52'05-N 68°13'27"W; water depth: 1.5 m) [MNHN]; coll. M. Ca-baller.
23 march 2010. Paratype 1: adult, 50 mm long alive, dissected, jaw and radula mounted for op-tical
microscopy, rest preserved in 96 % ethanol. (OLV: coordinates: 10°52'05"N 68°13'27"W: water
depth: 2 m) [SOM-IVIC-IVICCMTOIO]: coll. S. Narciso. 23 march 2010. Paratype 2: juvenile. 10 mm
long alive, dissected, jaw and radula mounted for SEM. rest preserved in 96 % ethanol. (OLV: coordi-nates:
10°52'05"N68°13'27"W: water depth: 1 m) [SOM-IVIC-IVICCMTOU]: coll. M. Malaquias. 23
march 2010.
Diagnosis: Rhinophores uniform dark blue. Rhinophoral sheaths outlined by yellow pigment
in the outer side, not fomiing a ring in juveniles. Mantle edge with a wide white-green to
white band, with black spots only on the sides. Longitudinal yellow lines in the mantle reach
the gill opening. Their number proportional to the size: central one continuous, plus 2 to 5 dis-continuous
laterals. Mantle glands all around the mantle edge, except on a portion after the
rhinophores. Gill leaves bifurcated or trifurcated in the upper half in adults. Jaw s with two tri-angular
smooth areas flanking the dorsal anterior middle zone. Small pin-shaped denticles
with one to four cusps present in the central region. Lateral teeth of the radula bicuspid. Both
cusps equal or similar size. Up to 6 denticles at the base of the lower cusp, the first of them
always towards the half of its length.
Description:
External anatomy and colouration (Figure I): body elongate, wider than high, blue-green,
which becomes clear and turns to green-gray in bigger specimens. On these, a big
bluish-black blotch, as wide as the body, is present in the center of the mantle. Foot bright blue
in juveniles. Anterior foot margin bilabiate, upper lip with yellow spots. Oral tentacles digi-tiform
with some yellow spots. Mantle edge wide and rippled in big specimens, always
bounded by a narrow reddish orange band except in the back. This band broken longitudinally
by a thin white line. Toward inwards another white-green band with 9 parallel black spots
each side in juvenile. Wider and gray to bright white in Holotype and Paratype 1, with dou-ble
number of black spots distributed in two alternate bands. Black spots same size as in ju-venile,
not bigger.
Several longitudinal yellow lines in the mantle. The design \ aries with the size:
Paratype 2(10 mm long): 3 yellow lines, the central one continuous, interrupted only
by the gill opening, not reaching the edge of the mantle. Lateral lines discontinuous, skirting
the rhinophoral opening on its outer side, not forming a ring. Reaching to the gill opening on
the back.
Paratype 1 (50 mm long): 2 additional external lateral lines, reaching further than the
branchial opening. Yellow spots between the lines.
95
Holotype (85 mm long): a total of 10 yellow lines, the central line continuous, the re-maining
fragmented or composed by aligned spots.
Rhinophores uniform dark blue, with 15 to more than 30 lamellae ( 1 and 85 mm spec-imens
respectively). Rhinophoral sheaths in juvenile outlined by yellow pigment in the outer
side, not forming a ring. They join to form a yellow bridge in the holotype (Figure ID). Gill
grayish-blue, composed of 10 unipinnate branchial leaves (even in juvenile specimen), base
translucent blue. Gill rachis black, with orange to orange-red border. Inner rachis red at the
base and white in the rest in the holotype. Gill leaves bifurcate and ramify in the upper half
in adults. Gill sheath not outlined in yellow. Hiponotum green-blue to gray, with one contin-uous
yellow line on each side, joining in the tail (Figure 1 A); one to six fragmented lines
below, up to two above. Discontinuous lines do not merge with the continuous one in the tail.
Posterior end of the foot lacking black spots. Mantle glands: 7-8 regular ones anteriorly, from
the nose to the rhinophores; 10 along the posterior edge of the mantle, the last three very
bulky. Mantle glands absent in a portion after the rhinophores. Gonopore lack distinct coloura-tion,
yellow lines thickened around it.
Internal anatomy (Figure 2A-C, 3 & 4): blood gland very big, compressed in front,
pointed behind. Salivary glands white, long and tubular. Oesophagus long, with a fold. In-testine
two and a half times the length of the oesophagus. Jaws (Figure 3E-F) composed of
both: conic, unicuspic rodlets, tightly and regularly arranged (Figure 3G), and, small pin-shaped
rodlets with one to four cusps in the ventral central region (Figure 3H). Dorsal ante-rior
middle zone ofjaw flanked by two triangular smooth areas, without denticles, one each
side (Figure 3E-F). Radular formula 49 x 51.0.51. (Paratype 2), 80 x 145.0.145 (Paratype 1)
and 98 x 170.0. 170 (Holotype). Teeth bicuspid, both cusps equal or similar in size. Innermost
lateral teeth with a single denticle at the base of the lower cusp, up to 6 in the middle laterals,
the first always towards the half of the cusp (Figure 3A-D). Middle lateral teeth with a thick
denticle at the base of the lower cusp (Figure 4C). Size of the teeth increases in the row, from
the innermost teeth, to the last middle laterals, which are more blunt and irregular, then de-creases.
Outermost teeth short and pectinate (Figure 4D), cusps reduced, with 3-5 denticles
under the lower one, sometimes fused.
Reproductive system (Figure 2D): ampulla long, oval and narrow. Prostate very long,
organized in two areas of tight folds; one attached to the back and the other to the inner side
of the bursa copulatrix, which is covered almost completely. Bursa copulatrix globose, fairly
large and tinged of a characteristic pale orange. Vagina dark blue. Seminal receptacle saccu-lar,
elongated, white, with same diameter as the vagina and inserted on its base, at the same
point that the vagina duct. Hermaphroditic gland cream-orange, similar diameter than the
seminal receptacle, equal length than the bursa. Vestibular gland very apparent. Holotype and
paratype 1 fully mature.
Biology: The holotype was collected in the chanels caused by turistic boats on the bottom of
the entrance of El Ocho lagoon. The bottom there is sandy-muddy with Thalassia testudinum
and Halimeda spp. (Figure IB).
When disturbed, the animal retracts the gills and secretes a white substance around the
edge of the mantle which also seems to spring from the edge of the foot in the tail (Figure IE).
Afterwards, it swells and shows areas that seem to be full of water throughout the body.
Geographical and bathymetrical distribution: Known only to the type locality, up to 2 m deep.
96
Etymology: Hypsclodoris samucli sp. no\. is named in honor of our friend and colleague
Samuel Narciso who collected one of the paratypes and gave logistical support in Morrocoy.
4. DISCUSSION
Several similarly coloured species occur in the Caribbean. The colouration pattern of
the adult specimens of Hypselodoris samueli sp. nov., is similar to that present in three other
species listed in the Caribbean: Hypselodoris bayeri. Hypselodoris marci and Hypselodoris
olgae, however, H. samueli sp. nov. has uniform navy-blue rhinophores, character that
clearly distinguishes it from H. marci and H olgae. On the other hand this character is shared
by a large group of western Atlantic Hypselodoris: Hypselodoris picta wehbi (d'Orbigny,
1839), Hypselodoris picta lajensis, H. bayeri, Hypselodoris zebra and Hypselodoris Jidiae,
although the juveniles of these five species/subspecies are quite different, so as the adults
(except H. bayeri).
Within the set of distinctive characters of H. samueli, there are two that distinguish it
from the rest of Hypsclodoris in the Caribbean with whom it could be compared:
- The triangular smooth areas flanking the dorsal anterior middle zone of the jaw. This
character is only present in other two species, both from east Atlantic, both w ith a reduced ge-ographical
distribution; Hypselodoris bilineata (Pru\ot-Fol, 1953) (south of Spain to Senegal
and Canary islands) and Hypselodoris malacitana Luque. 1986 (from the south of Spain).
- The small pin-shaped denticles in the \entral central region of the jaw. This charac-ter
is only present in Hypselodoris ruthae Marcus & Hughes, 1974 from the Caribbean, quite
different from H. samueli sp. nov.. and in Hypselodoris pinna Oitea. 1988. from Cape Verde.
Other typical characters of H. samueli sp. nov. are:
- The bridge between the rhinophoral sheaths seen in the holotype (Figure 1 D). quite
similar to that present in the Indo-Pacific species Glossodoris atromarginata (Cuvier. 1804).
This character hasn't been observed in any Atlantic species before.
- The thick denticle below second cusp of the middle lateral teeth similar to that illus-trated
by Garcia et al. [7: figure C, p. 129] for H. marci without comments on its significance.
Hypselodoris bayeri is the closest species to H. samueli sp. nov. in the colour pattern.
It was described as the type of the genus Felimare Marcus & Marcus. 1967, due to the pres-ence
in the holotype of a rachidian teeth, character that hasn't been observ ed ever again in any
other specimen attributed to the species, not even in the paratype. Thus, the holotype has been
considered anomalous and Felimare synonymous with Hypselodoris (Ortea et al. [12]). Some
of the posterior records to this species doesn't fit in the original description very well (Rud-man
[13]) or do not give much data on the anatomy (Meyer [10]) and there seem to be a com-plex
of species with similar colour pattern under the name H. bayeri, so, the taxonomy should
be revised. Hypselodoris samueli sp. nov. is one of this species misidentified with H. bayeri
in Venezuela. A synthesis of the characters to distinguish both species can be seen in Table 2.
Despite what Ortea et al. [12] established about the colouration of the rhinophores in H. ba-yeri,
as it can be seen in the illustrations given by Marcus and Marcus [9: plate 1, figure 2],
OnQdi etal. [12: p. 15, figure 1 1 B] and Valdes <?/ r//. [14]. the rhinophores of //. /)<7vmarenot
unifonn blue as in H. samueli sp. no\. They show a longitudinal clearer line in the back and or
a clearer base of the lamellae.
The specimens illustrated by Ardila & Rachello [2] could be conspecific with H.
samueli sp. nov.
97
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are in debt to our friends and colleagues Manuel Malaquias (Bergen Museum, Nor-way),
for his help in the field in the campaign in Venezuela, and Samuel Narciso (FUDENA,
Venezuela), for the logistical support in Morrocoy. To the fishermen and boaters of
Chichiriviche, for their assistance in the field. To Philippe Bouchet, V. Heros, P. Maestrati
and B. Buge (Biodiversity Exploration Unit, MNHN), for their help while the first author was
working in Paris. To Jose Espinosa (Oceanology Institute, Cuba), for the specimen of H.
sycilla. This work was supported by the IVIC project 915 (M.C.) - Marine biodiversity in
Venezuela and its relationship with coastal dynamics. Molluscs as focal group and source of
new molecules and by the MNHN (M.C, Visiting Researcher contract).
6. REFERENCES
[I] ALEJANDRINO A. & A. VALDES. 2006. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Atlantic
and Eastern Pacific Hypselodoris Stimpson, 1855 (Nudibranchia, Chromodorididae) with
the description of a new species from the Caribbean Sea. Journal ofMolluscan Studies,
72: 189-198.
[2] ARDILA N.E. & R RACHELLO. 2004. Opisthobranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) col-lected
by the cruises Invemar-Macrofauna II in the Colombian Caribbean (20-150 m).
Avicennia, 17: 57-66.
[3] CABALLER M., R BOUCHET & S. GOFAS. 2011. Hypselodoris Stimpson, 1855. Ac-cessed
through: World Register of Marine Species at
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id= 1 3 7784 on 20 1 2-0 1-15.
[4] DACOSTA S., V. PADULA & M. SCHRODL. 2010. A new species of Hypselodoris and
a redescription of Hypselodoris picta lajensis (Nudibranchia: Chromodorididae) from
Brazil. The Veliger, 51(1): 15-25.
[5] DOMINGUEZ M., RJ. GARCIA & J. TRONCOSO. 2006. Some aspects of the family
Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Nudibranchia) from Brazil, with description of a
new species. Scientia Marina 70(4): 621-634.
[6] GARCIA, R & H. BERTSCH. 2009. Diversity and distribution of the Gastropoda
Opisthobranchia from the Atlantic Ocean: a global biogeographic approach. Scientia Ma-rina,
13: 153-160. Appendix l,p. S1-S18.
[7] GARCIA RJ., DOMINGUEZ M. & J. TRONCOSO. 2008. Opistobranquios de Brasil.
Vigo, Spain. Troncoso and Garcia Editors, 215 pp.
[8] JOHNSON R.F. 20 1 0. Breaking family ties: taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of
chromodorid nudibranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Zoologica Scripta, 40(2): 137-157.
[9] MARCUS, EV & ER. MARCUS. 1 967. American opisthobranch mollusks. Part 1 , Trop-ical
American opisthobranchs. Studies Tropical Oceanography, 6(1-2).- 1-137.
[10] MEYER, K. 1977. Dorid nudibranchs of the Caribbean coast of the Panama Canal Zone.
Bulletin ofMarine Science, 27(2): 299-307.
[II] ORTEA, J. & J.J. BACALLADO. 2007. Descripcion de una nueva especie de Hypselo-doris
Stimpson, 1855 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia: Chromodorididae) nombrada en home-naje
a Olga Ucelay Sabina. Revista Academia Canaria de las Ciencias, 18: 53-60.
98
[12] ORTEA J., A. VALDES & J.C. GARCfA-GOMEZ. 1996. Revision de las especies atlan-ticas
de la familia Chromodorididae (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) del grupo cromatico azul.
Avicennia, supplement 1: 1-165.
[13] RUDMAN W.B. 2005. Hypselodohs bayeh (Marcus & Marcus. 1967). Accessed
through: Sea Slug Forum, Australian Museum, Sydney at
http://\v\v\v.seashigforum.net/factsheet/hypsbaye on 20 1 2-0 1-15.
[14] VALDES A., J. HAMANN, D.W. BEHRENS & A. DUPONT. 2006. Caribbean Sea
Slugs, A field guide to the opisthobranch mollusks from the tropical Northwestern At-lantic.
Washington, USA: Sea Challengers Natural History Books, 289 pp.
99
Figure 1.- Hypselodoris samueli sp. nov. (A-B, D-E) Holotype (85 mm alive); (A) lateral view; (B) underwater pho-tograph
of the living animal; (C) Paratype 1 (50 mm alive), dorso-frontal view; (D) detail of the rhinophoral sheath;
(E) detail of the tail and the mantle edge secreting a white substance; (F-G), Paratype 2(10 mm alive); (F) dorso-lat-eral
view; (G) dorsal view.
100
Figure 2.- Hypselodoris samueli sp. nov. Parat\pe 1 (50 mm alive). (A-C) Successive schemes for the general or-ganization
of internal organs; (A) outermost; (B) medium; (C) innermost; (D) scheme of the reproducti\e s\stem.
Scale bar = 1 mm.
Abbreviations: aa, anterior aorta; am. ampulla; ao, anus opening; be. bursa copulatri.x; bgl. blood gland; dg. diges-tive
gland; fgm. female gland mass; g. gills, hd. hermaphrodite duct; in. intestine; no, nidamental duct opening; oe.
esophagus; ot. oral tube; ov, oviduct; ph. pharynx; pr. prostate; ps. penial duct; rs. seminal receptacle; sg. sali\ ar>
gland; st, stomach; ud, uterine duct; v, vestibulum; va, vagina; ve. ventricle; vd, vas deferens, vg. vestibular gland.
101
Figure 3.- Hypselodoris samiieli sp. nov. Schemes ofjaw and radula. (A-C, F) Paratype 2; (D-E) Paratype 1 ; (A) in-nermost
lateral teeth (number 1 and 18 of row 50); (B) mid-lateral teeth (25, 43 and 51 of row 50); (C) outennost lat-eral
teeth (row 50); (D) external side of mid-lateral teeth, detail of the thick lateral denticle at the base of the lower
cusp; (E) Jaw, scale bar = 1 mm; (F) Jaw, scale bar = 0,5 mm; (G) jaw rodlets; (H) pin-shaped rodlets. Scale bar =
10 ^m.
--1
102
Figure 4.- Hypselodoris samueli sp. no\. Scanning electron micrographs of radula and jaws. (A-C) Holot\'pe; (A) jaw
rodlets; (B) innennost lateral teeth: (C) mid-lateral teeth, detail of the thick lateral denticle; (D-E) Paratype 2; (D)
outermost lateral teeth; (E) mid-lateral teeth. Scale bar = 10 jam.
103
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