Planning and sustainable development: a proposal applied to the hydrothermal complex in Caldas Novas, Brazil

              © PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. ISSN 1695-7121
Vol. 12 N.o 2 págs. 281-298 2014
www .pasosonline.org
Planning and sustainable development: a proposal applied to
the hydrothermal complex in Caldas Novas, Brazil
Eliane Lopes Brenner*
Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiània (Brasil)
Gerda K. Priestley**
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (España)
Abstract: One of the most important justifications for applying tourism planning is the danger of permit-ting
continuous development until the point of saturation that may ultimately lead to a destination’s decline.
One of the essential functions of planning is therefore to provide a strategy base that allows destinations
to confront change successfully. This article focuses on the elaboration of a tourism planning method based
essentially on the most effective procedures identified, through an analysis of the contributions of various
authors who suggest methods of proved efficiency. As a result the authors develop an original system that
incorporates the positive points and avoids the weaknesses of all the proposals analysed while adapting it to
the Brazilian context and applying it to a specific case study (Caldas Novas in Goias). The proposal is struc-tured
on the basis of two key priorities: a physical focus guided towards the sustainability of the environ-ment;
and a social focus that reinforces the role of the receiving community in the tourist experience. The au-thors
conclude that, as a result, this method offers considerable guarantees of success in achieving its goals.
Key words: tourism planning, destination management, sustainable development, hydrothermal tourism,
Caldas Novas, Brazil.
Planificación y desarrollo sostenible: una propuesta aplicada al complexo hidrotermal en Caldas
Novas, Brasil
Resumen: Una de las razones más significativas para hacer una planificación turística es el peligro del desar-rollo
continuo hasta llegar a la saturación y posible declive del destino turístico. Una de las funciones esenciales
de la planificación es proveer una base de estrategias que permita al destino hacer frente al cambio. El artículo
trata de la elaboración y aplicación de un método de planificación turística basado esencialmente en el recono-cimiento
de los procedimientos más eficaces, según un análisis de las aportaciones de diferentes autores, que
nos sugiere métodos de comprobada solvencia y nos abre las posibilidades para desarrollar un sistema propio
que contemple los puntos positivos y evite las debilidades de todas las propuestas analizadas. Se ha estruc-turado
nuestra propuesta, en un enfoque físico orientado hacia la sostenibilidad del medio, y en un enfoque
social que refuerza el papel de la comunidad receptora en la experiencia turística. Las autoras concluyen que el
resultado de ese método ofrece considerables garantías de éxito en la obtención de sus objetivos.
Palabras claves: planificación turística, gestión de destinos, desarrollo sostenible, turismo hidrotermal,
Caldas Novas, Brasil.
Eliane Lopes Brenner; Gerda K. Priestley
* Profesora Adjunto I, Universidade Católica de Goiás ­‑
Goiània, Brasil; Rua 28ª, n.705/1502 setor Aeroporto, Goiânia – Goiás
­‑
Brasil cep.74075500. E­‑mail:
elianelb@hotmail.com
** Profesora Emérita, Departamento de Geografía, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España ­‑
Edifici B, Campus de la
UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola, Barcelona, España. E­‑mail:
gerda.priestley@uab.es
PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12(2). 2014 ISSN 1695-7121
282 Planning and sustainable development…
1. Introduction
Some of the most important reasons for ap-plying
planning systems in tourism are the risks
that accompany continuous development that
can eventually lead to saturation and even to the
decline of destinations, as was clearly described
in Butler’s (1980) pioneer destination life cycle
theory. Through adequate planning, this life cycle
can be extended, even indefinitely, if change is an-ticipated
and adequate measures are incorporated
to adapt the destination to the changes that occur.
Hence one of the essential objectives of a planning
system should be the provision of a strategic base
that makes it possible to successfully confront
changes. Destinations have two options: to react
when changes occur, an option that may include
irreversible negative impacts; or to develop plans
and instruments that evaluate the initial situation,
anticipate the future and select a number of actions
that take advantage of the opportunities that the
area offers. Thus, although the first objective of
planning is to control the negative effects of tou-rism,
it is also the path that can ensure long­‑term
success of tourism activity in a specific destination.
Without doubt, the overall sustainability of
a destination depends on a combination of envi-ronmental,
socio­‑cultural
and economic aspects
and factors. However, in the authors’ opinion, too
often economic factors take pre­‑eminence
over the
other two components of sustainability in planning
proposals. The research project on which this article
is based attempted to address and redress this
situation, by parting from a geographical base
that focused principally on spatial and territorial
planning, the processes involved, the corresponding
tools and the actions implied. Ignoring economic
issues would, of course, invalidate the sustainability
goals set, but these are considered at the level of
implementation of all measures.
The article therefore analyses a wide range of
prior contributions to planning theory and, above
all, planning methods proposed by other authors
in the past, mainly from a similarly geographical
viewpoint and with comparable objectives, and
evaluates their viability, by pointing out their
key aims and – in the view of the authors­‑
their
omissions. In the light of this analysis, the authors
propose a new planning methodology that aims to
incorporate the strengths of each method while
avoiding the weaknesses identified. The key aspects
incorporated are: a global territorial perspective;
environmental conservation; the role of both the
public administrations and the private sector; and
the social priorities of the local population. The
resulting methodology is applied in a case study
that focuses on the thermal tourism complex of
Caldas Novas, Brazil, in order to illustrate its
feasibility.
2. Literature review: The contribution of
planning theory and past experience
Many authors (Acerenza, 1992; Akehurst, 2001;
Bissoli, 2000; Getz, 1987; Hall, 2001; Hernández,
1982; Jenkins, 1995; López Oliveras, 1998; Mill,
Morrison, 1992; Murphy, 1985; Pearce, 1989; Vera et
al., 1997) stress the range of benefits derived from
tourism planning and propose different elaboration
procedures. Nevertheless, one recurrent element in
these proposals is that success is best guaranteed
where close collaboration between the tourist sector
and the local administration exists, and especially
when the private sector is actively involved.
As already indicated, a diversity of tourism
planning methods and techniques exists, ranging
from simple approaches to methods that require
complex theoretical and technical knowledge.
Pearce (1989) pointed out that tourism planning
had traditionally been based on land use zoning
codes, the development of determined areas, the
regulation of building heights, types and densities,
the enhancement of interesting cultural, historical
and natural elements and, finally, on infrastructure
provision, including roads and basic sewage. The
accent was then on economic development, but
more recently environmental and socio­‑cultural
preoccupations have been incorporated into tourism
planning.
In a similar vein, Getz (1987) and Hall, Jenkins
(1995) have expressed the opinion that tourism
planning approaches and methods will not re-main
constant in the future, but will evolve to
satisfy new tourist demands. Getz identified four
approaches: impulsionism; an economic­‑industrial
oriented approach; physical­‑spatial
approach; and
a community approach that reinforces the role of
the local destination community in the tourist
experience. The different approaches are neither
mutually exclusive nor necessarily sequential. Hall
(2001) added a fifth approach: sustainable tourism
planning, asserting that, in the private sector,
the predominating trend in tourism planning is
impulsionism. In Murphy’s (1985) opinion, this
has led to centralised planning that has excluded
the receiving community from the process, in
such a way that they have been unable to voice
their opinions and much less exercise a minimum
control of their place of residence. Nonetheless,
academic discussion on tourism planning focuses
on the need to integrate social and environmental
considerations to the economic impulse that is at
the base of tourism development.
PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12(2). 2014 ISSN 1695-7121
Eliane Lopes Brenner; Gerda K. Priestley 283
Hall (2001) stresses that the approaches pro-posed
by Getz (1987), Murphy (1985) and Gunn
(1994) are built from normative models of tourism
planning based on community participation. Hall
(2001) and Akehurst (2001) quote examples of
different processes applied in the development of
plans and strategies in various destinations. The
authors demonstrate that planning to favour a
specific product is much more conditioned by local
political and social circumstances than by the
suitability of the product in question. To illustrate
the assertion, Hall presents a study of the down-town
Darling Harbour district of Sydney, where
top­‑down
planning led to the implantation of a
space for consumption, leaving aside civic values.
As a result, this district ­‑that
was rehabilitated as
a centre for leisure activities and events­‑
clearly
reflects private interests and values. Thus, the
emphasis placed on certain social and economic
interests relegated other community interests,
especially those of the traditional residents with
low spending power. The general conclusion that
can be reached is that the problem arises, not from
the existence or absence of a tourism development
plan, but rather from the type of tourist product
that is introduced.
Akehurst’s (2001) article supports an approach
whereby the opinions expressed by the local com-munity
should be taken into consideration when
elaborating tourism planning proposals. The speci-fic
objective of development should be the creation of
tourism products that benefit the local inhabitants
as well as the visitors. The example chosen to illus-trate
this option is the municipal development plan
for the Polish city of Kalisz which includes a plan
for the tourist sector. The methodology developed
by the research team recognised the importance of
different components and phases: audits, analysis,
dialogue, commitment and feedback among the local
population, visitors and investors in the tourism
development process, followed by the posterior
definition of goals, strategies, action plans and
monitoring to evaluate the results. An important
element was the role of the local community that,
through elected representatives, were to accept
and support the plan ­‑which
included not only the
needs to be satisfied, but also when, where and
how it would be implemented­‑
and decide who
would assume responsibility for its coordination,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
the actions proposed. In fact, at a less detailed
and precise level, Hernández (1982) had already
addressed the issue of tourism planning from an
essentially economic, but also partially social,
viewpoint.
Acerenza (1992) also evaluated some tourism
planning models, especially the PASOLP model
that was developed by M. Baud­‑Bovy
in 1977 and is
based on the tourist product development concept.
The model consists of four phases: research and
analysis; tourism policy and tourist flow definition;
preparation of a physical development plan; and,
finally, impact analysis. The author concludes
that this model is oriented towards the spatial
planning of a destination rather than overall
planning of tourist activity. Bissoli (2000), in her
book on municipal tourism planning, develops a
computer programme designed to accumulate an
unusually extensive data base that is stored in
a reliable manner, thus increasing the quality of
procedures and enabling rapid responses in the
on­‑going
planning process. This programme can
make a highly significant contribution in tourism
planning where ample statistics are available or
where the project includes more than one munici-pality.
In any case, the computer technology applied
in the methodology reduces the time required for
analysis and facilitates data updating.
Nevertheless, it must be pointed out that such
methods are not totally innovative. In fact, another
relevant contribution had already been made by
López Oliveras (1998), who successfully developed
inventory and tourism resource analysis methods
for the elaboration of plans to fit in with the tou-rist
vocation of the corresponding study zone. He
proposed the sub­‑division
of the area on the basis
of the tourist vocation of each zone, taking into
account tourism potential and the relative con-centration
or dispersal of resources and products,
arguing that the key problem is the insufficient
use of this potential to achieve high quality and
competitiveness. This clearly defined framework,
including the delimitation of homogenous areas,
makes it possible to apply integrated proposals.
For all of the authors quoted, the first element
in any planning process is the definition of a target
image. However, this target is seldom clearly iden-tified
at the outset beyond some general, vaguely
defined characteristics. A second diagnostic stage
involves the description and analysis of the existing
situation, to acquire a clearly ordered, complete
and accurate picture, thus identifying the current
state of the tourism activity and its natural or
spontaneous development. With this acquired
knowledge, it is then possible to pinpoint the
aspects that require alteration in order to comply
with the target image and hence proceed to the
following stage: the clear and detailed definition
of the specific objectives and aims of the planning
process. The process finally focuses on strategy
determination and a more general consideration
of the pattern of development of each activity in
order to achieve the proposed objectives and thus
move towards the “ideal situation”. In the authors’
PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12(2). 2014 ISSN 1695-7121
284 Planning and sustainable development…
opinion, various alternative strategies must be
analysed and evaluated before making the final
choice, as this is a crucial stage on which the success
or failure of the entire process depends.
Yet another valuable contribution is made by
Mill, Morrison (1992) in their chapter on “The
tourist system” and some aspects are worthy of
mention. Firstly, they stress the importance of
market research in order to identify the most
competitive destinations or locations, strengths
and weaknesses, and differentiating initiatives
to convert the place in question into something
unique among its competitors. Another significant
contribution of this method is the classification
of tourism activities, focusing on the different
possible uses for resources, their power of attrac-tion,
tourist motivation and the seasonality of
activities –which is a well­‑recognised
factor in the
fluctuation of demand­‑.
Such an analysis therefore
helps to identify activities that compensate trends
to falling demand in the low season. The authors
also develop the synthetic stage at considerable
depth, understanding it to be the most important
and creative part of the process. This then enables
them to present a tourism plan under five separate
headings: tourism development; tourism marke-ting;
tourist industry organisation; community
implication; and tourism activities and support
services. Each of these five aspects is analysed
from two scenarios: the current situation and
the future ideal outcome. Thus, in the following
stage of the process, specific objectives and tou-rism
development strategies must be designed to
bridge the gap between the two, all of which are
finally included in a detailed plan, indicating the
actions and measures necessary to accomplish the
objectives and implement the strategies. Specific
programmes are developed for each of the five
aspects indicated.
Vera et al. (1997) also contribute useful ele-ments
to be considered in drawing up a planning
methodology, by stressing the importance of taking
into account the pre­‑existing
structure of the
territory, in addition to economic, socio­‑cultural
and environmental elements. They argue that
existing patterns and types of spatial organization
considerably condition the results of new proposals.
For these authors, this is especially important in
consolidated tourism destinations, where revitaliza-tion
strategies often crash head on with surviving
fordist tourism patterns and structures. In such
circumstances, there exists the risk of planning for
the future without bearing in mind the presence
of the obsolete urban and regional structures that
mass tourism generated in the past.
All the proposals examined above have certain
common elements: the planning scheme is based on
a prior process of resource analysis and diagnosis,
as a basis for the establishment of aims, objectives
and outcomes to be achieved through planning, and,
for this purpose, specific measures and actions to
be undertaken are elaborated in detail. The various
authors’ proposals are mutually complementary, as
some outline certain stages and aspects in greater
detail than others. It is, however, evident that
various approaches to tourism planning have been
used in the past, ranging from top­‑down
centralised
imposition to those based on the participation of
the local community. However, in the opinion of the
authors of this new proposal, the integration of local
communities in the planning process is an essential
component in order to achieve success. In particular,
special attention should be given to the social
perspective and local community participation
mechanisms (Akehurst, 2001); the development
of a method that incorporates territorial resource
planning (López Oliveras, 1998; Vera et al., 1997);
the desegregation of strategies (Hernández, 1982);
and the important implications of tourist motiva-tion
and market research (Mill, Morrison, 1992).
The following section outlines the new planning
method that bears these considerations in mind.
3. Proposal: A tourism planning method for
sustainable development
This new tourism planning method proposal is
based on the recognition of the most effective pro-cedures,
aiming to incorporate the most significant
elements of all the contributions examined above,
by identifying the strong points of well­‑tried
me-thods
and avoiding their weaknesses, thus leading
to the development of a new system. It must be
borne in mind that the key underlying objective
is the sustainability of the natural environment,
considered not only from the ethical perspective
of its conservation for use by future generations,
but also as a basic requisite for the survival of a
form of tourism that is based on natural resources.
As already indicated, the existing methods have
many elements in common, but some stress certain
stages in detriment –or the absence­‑
of others. As
the new proposal is outlined below, the positive
contributions will be described together with the
reasons for including them.
Bissoli’s (2000) tourism planning methodology
serves as a base to develop a logical procedure
chain, beginning with the obtainment of valid
information on the true situation in the place in
question and finally leading to the tourism planning
process. At this first stage, aims and objectives are
determined; this is followed by the definition of sui-table
strategies to achieve these goals; and, finally,
PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12(2). 2014 ISSN 1695-7121
Eliane Lopes Brenner; Gerda K. Priestley 285
specific short, medium and long­‑term
proposals
are formulated. This author’s methodology does
not, however, contemplate a stage involving the
acquisition of prior knowledge about the study area.
In other words, there is no definition of existing
typologies, nor an analysis of the corresponding
local or global trends; neither is reference made to
the present tourists’ motivations. Another omission
occurs in the stage of analysis and diagnosis, as no
procedure to measure interest on the part of the
local community is contemplated. The development
plan focuses exclusively on the formulation of
sectorial plans, but does not propose follow­‑up
and
evaluation programmes for a posterior adjustment
stage.
As various authors have pointed out –and at the
risk of stating the obvious­‑
it must be emphasized
that planning in favour of one product or another
is more frequently conditioned by local political
and social influences than by the virtues of the
product. This new proposal is based on the firm
belief that the design of a sustainable tourism
destination strategy can only be justified on the
basis of a profound evaluation ­‑both
physical and
territorial­‑
of the present and potential tourism
resources in the zone, and is the only route to
identify which type of tourism should be stimulated
and which market segment will benefit. In this
respect, López Oliveras’s work (1998) contributes to
this new planning proposal, by indicating pertinent
methods for the inventory and analysis of tourism
resources that facilitate the sub­‑division
of the
territory to create a balanced interpretation of the
vocation of the study zone. However, like Bissoli
(op cit.), López Oliveras does not include a stage
of prior recognition of the study area, nor does
he contemplate the analysis of local community
interests or posterior adjustments. This omission
is, however, covered –and adequately justified­‑
by
Vera et al. (1997).
An additional premise for this new proposal
is that decentralised planning that allows the
local community to participate, incorporates a
large variety of political and social, economic and
environmental factors that are closely adapted to
the purpose in question. This participation helps
guarantee the long­‑term
economic viability of
tourism much better. Akehurst (2001) proposes
such a tourism development method, involving
the destination community right from the earliest
planning stages. His proposal can thus be diffe-rentiated
from those of Bissoli and López Oliveras
through its reinforcement of the stage of evaluation
of community interests, although the same gaps as
encountered in other authors’ proposals still exist.
It is therefore of fundamental importance to
organize seminars and meetings among representa-tives
of the local community, the private sector and
public administrators, in order to identify various
aspects: the main deficiencies of the local tourism
sector and possible threats facing the activity and
environmental quality in the future; the potentially
most attractive tourism resources; and the most
economically viable types of tourism that they
identify and would be interested in developing.
In his proposal, Hernández (1982) introduces
the concept of “the desired image”, as the guiding
thread throughout, thus leading and focusing the
whole promotion process towards the targeted
demand segments; this element will be incorporated
into this new proposal. In detriment, Hernández
pays insufficient attention to resource planning,
so, in this respect, Lopéz’s (op. cit.) work is a much
better guideline. However, the former author propo-ses
well designed subdivisions for the formulation
of tourism development strategies which could
be satisfactorily adapted to the circumstances
in this study. The weaknesses in his method are
similar to those encountered in Bissoli’s (op. cit.)
work; that is, he omits the stage of prior knowledge
collection, and does not propose spatial planning
or an adjustment stage composed of follow­‑up
and
evaluation stages.
Mill, Morrison’s (1992) methodological proposal
is quite wide­‑ranging,
incorporating most of the
stages identified so far. Nevertheless, it omits the
stages of: identification of the local tourism product
and the main trends affecting it; assessment of
community interests; identification of territorial
limits; and, finally, formulation of spatial plans.
This new proposal, while comprising all the stages
described by Mill, Morrison –albeit with different
names­‑
has incorporated a more profound conside-ration
of certain aspects, such as resource analysis,
given that the underlying preoccupation is the
sustainability of the natural environment over
and above the economic aspects of tourism activity,
even though the importance of these is recognized.
3.1. New Tourism Planning Proposal
Following this critical analysis of the major
contributions on tourism planning methodology, the
various stages that comprise this new methodology
proposal can be outlined. Five key stages ­‑each
including further sub­‑divisions­‑
are identified and
described, and the choice is justified.
a) Prior analysis of the destination: with the
objective of identifying the tourism structure,
development trends and tourist motivations in
the choice of the region. This analysis makes it
possible to pinpoint development alternatives for
the future, which would lead to higher demand
and satisfaction rates, based on current realities.
PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12(2). 2014 ISSN 1695-7121
286 Planning and sustainable development…
Although some of the authors cited refer to
certain procedures that would be included in
this stage, they are, in the authors’ opinion,
superficial and incomplete and therefore
unsatisfactory. This proposal contemplates a
profound analysis of the characteristics of the
existing tourism structure and the main trends;
a comparative analysis of the development of
similar tourism patterns elsewhere; and the
identification of the motivations of current de-mand.
This information is considered essential
in order to define the measures necessary to
move towards more sustainable forms of tourism
while, at the same time, obtaining maximum
economic profitability.
b) Diagnosis and Analysis: the detailed study
of supply and demand, the characteristics of
tourism resources and local community inte-rests,
in order to provide fundamental data for
defining new service and product provision in
the future, based on truly feasible proposals,
from the perspective of potential promoters and
the local community. In addition, this analysis
will serve to identify feasible new products, as
possible promoting agents are included in the
process. Obviously all authors include these
procedures in some form in their proposals. This
new methodology, however, places additional
accent on the environmental perspective and the
detailed analysis of tourism resources, conside-ring
them the base for a planning process that
will guarantee environmental conservation. This
may cut back short­‑term
gains, but will ensure
medium and long­‑term
survival of the destina-tion
by maintaining the quality of the natural
tourism resources. Moreover, the inclusion of the
interests of the local community –both the public
and private sectors­‑
in the analysis, confers
respect to them and involves them actively in
the development process. Such procedures are
included in planning undertaken with a social
approach, while they are omitted in the case
of centrally planned methodologies.
c) Territorial conditioning factors: an analysis
of the characteristics of the natural environment
with a view to delimiting different levels of
use for tourism purposes, in order to establish
sustainable use parameters throughout the
area. The underlying objective is to facilitate
both resource conservation and management.
d) Development plan: the drawing up of the
actual plan, including its aims and objectives,
strategies and specific action plans. Such plans
should be both sectorial and spatial, and serve as
the base for tourism development for essentially
homogeneous zones. This phase constitutes the
synthesis of the preceding stages, and the plans
should be considered management instruments
for local tourism managers, as they clarify the
most viable initiatives for achieving sustainable
tourism development in their respective regions.
e) Plan revision: the monitoring and evaluation
of the planning process, that should make it
possible to identify –and correct­‑
incompati-bilities
that may arise1. All plans should be
continuously revised and updated in order to
guarantee long­‑term
success, as problems can
arise as measures are applied and conditions
–often provoked by external factors­‑
can change
through time. Each specific action plan should
be accompanied by a separate monitoring and
revision plan, including pre­‑established
indi-cators
and indices, in consonance with local
parameters and with the approval of the local
community and agents that are involved.
The synoptic table that follows (Table 1) resumes
the principal methodological contributions of other
authors in comparison with the current proposal.
4. Application: Tourism planning in the hydro­‑thermal
complex of Caldas Novas, Brasil
Tourism development in the study area is closely
related to the use of the local thermal waters.
It could be supposed that these would have gi-ven
rise to health spas, but, in fact, the tourism
structure is more akin to a mass sun–sea model,
in which thermal swimming pools substitute the
sea. Fordist processes have guided development;
thus the current product is stereotyped and mono­‑thematic,
with correspondingly unimaginative
lodging, complementary activity and marketing
structures, a characteristic that leads to a similarly
restricted focus of motivations on the demand side.
In the quest for high demand and short­‑term
gains,
investors, by and large, have ignored environmental
conservation goals and hence the thermal resources
have been over­‑exploited.
However, in recent years
certain Postfordist elements have been incorporated
without actually transforming the basic structure.
Certainly, tourists are now better informed than
before, expect higher quality facilities and many of
them demonstrate some environmental consciou-sness,
even though there is no significant change
in their motivations. At the same time, it must
be recognized that the product spectrum has not
widened sufficiently to satisfy other motivations,
in spite of the existing potential for diversification.
Moreover, it is questionable whether or not the
introduction of Postfordist initiatives would be of
interest to current demand or would be capable of
attracting new demand sectors.
PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12(2). 2014 ISSN 1695-7121
Eliane Lopes Brenner; Gerda K. Priestley 287
The initial supposition of this proposal is that
planning constitutes a tool capable of transforming
traditional mass tourism into a more sustainable
activity. However, in the case of Caldas Novas,
the challenge of having to redress spontaneity,
disorganization and the lack of balanced deve-lopment
objectives through more rational use of
resources places the sustainability paradigm as
a key point of reference in the process of tourism
activity planning in the municipality. In applying
the new methodology described above, apart from
analysing the geographical and touristic context of
the study area, data on spa tourism in general was
compiled, including information on current inter-national
trends in the sector. This led to a diagnosis
of the case study area that bore in mind aspects
such as: supply, demand and tourist motivations;
the nature of the tourism environment (built and
natural); the legal framework of thermal waters;
Table 1: Principal methodological contributions to tourism planning
Authors analysed
New
Akehurst Bissioli López Hernandez proposal
& Alfonso
Mill &
Morrison
Principal contribution
Social
perspective
Computer
technology
Environ­‑mental
perspective
Strategic
desegregation
Implications
of motivation
Combines all
contributions
Community
participation
Tourism
resource
analysis
Market
analysis
Adjustment
to local
conditions
Stages Sub­‑stages
1.
Prior
knowledge
Local
tourism
pattern
Market
trends
Tourist
motivation
2.
Diagnosis
and Analysis
Supply and
demand
Tourism
resources
Community
interests
3.
Territorial
factors
Territorial
definition
4.
Development
plan
Objectives
Outcome
definition
Overall
strategy
Sectorial
plan
Spatial plan
5.
Posterior
revision and
adjustment
Monitoring
Evaluation
Key: Aspects encountered in proposal. Aspects not encountered in proposal. Source: Authors.
PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12(2). 2014 ISSN 1695-7121
288 Planning and sustainable development…
existing infrastructures; municipal management;
and stakeholders’ opinions.
Thus, the completion of the first two stages
of the process made it possible to proceed to the
stage of formulation of the corresponding Tourism
Development Plan, divided into two complementary
parts:
1) The Basic Spatial Strategy (BPS), that provides
a territorial perspective, as not all areas possess
the same quantity and quality of resources, and
so are neither equally vulnerable to tourism
impacts nor equally suitable for tourism deve-lopment.
Hence, as has already been justified,
the area must be subdivided, indicating different
use levels and corresponding management codes
for each sector;
2) The Basic Sectorial Strategy (BES), that appro-aches
tourism from a thematic perspective, and
makes it possible to develop plans for specific
products capable of diversifying the product
base and reinforcing tourism activity through
a more adequate use of resources.
Within the framework of the BPS, an environ-mental
protocol and use code –to be developed
later in greater detail­‑
determined for each
type of zone. This element stresses the value of
environmental studies, not only in consonance
with global trends postulating that the mainte-nance
of environmental quality reinforces the
value of economic initiatives, but also because
tourists are increasingly critical and demanding
on environmental issues and this affects their
satisfaction evaluations. In this case, greater
attention to environmental and social factors was
deemed especially necessary, in an attempt to
redirect and revitalize business, accompanied by
management policy changes aimed at encouraging
the development of alternative types of tourism.
The BES is composed of three specific plans:
the Institutional Enhancement Plan (IEP), the
Tourism Product Plan (TPP) and the Promotion
Plan (PP), in accordance with the methodology
already defined. These plans propose a wide ran-ge
of measures for each type of tourism that is
considered feasible: legal and political; urbanistic
and structural; education and training; promotion
(marketing and commercialization). These plans, in
fact, constitute an important tool to overcome one of
the main deficits in existing tourism development
strategies in the destination.
In the case of Caldas Novas, the fifth stage is
also extremely important, as a follow­‑up
of public
management is absolutely essential, together with
the creation of cooperatives and the drawing up of
good practice codes. Another key element in the
monitoring process is periodical research to detect
changes in preferences, satisfaction levels, the
cost – benefit pattern and social and environmental
impacts.
4.1 Basic Spatial Strategy (BPS): the territo-rial
dimension of the plan
As has already been seen, Vera et al. (1997)
provide solid arguments in favour of the inclusion
of the territorial dimension in tourism planning,
considering it especially valuable in consolidated
tourism destinations with surviving fordist tourism
patterns and structures and, certainly, Caldas
Novas lies in this category. López Oliveras (1998)
proposed a sub­‑division
of the area to be planned
through the delimitation of homogenous areas,
in order to make the application of integrated
proposals possible. These criteria have been applied
in this case study, thus establishing a series of zones
based on environmental uniformity and resource
homogeneity. The main purpose of this division is
to introduce coherence in public actions, with the
objective of achieving short, medium and long­‑term
territorial balance and cohesion.
Environmentally uniform areas were identified
on a cartographic base and were presented in the
Framework Plan. A total of eight categories were
identified through the analysis of the interaction
of various physical attributes, namely: geology, soil
science, geomorphology, hydrology and vegetation.
For each zone, suitable land uses are indicated
based on these characteristics and the degree of
fragility. The categories range from areas where
use is highly restricted and priority is given to
the preservation of wildlife and hydro­‑resource
protection, to areas designated for agricultural
and urban use. Tourism resources and existing
products were superimposed on this cartographic
base, thus making it possible to identify concen-trations
and the location of specialized products.
The combination of these two typologies –physical
characteristics and tourism potential­‑
led to the
determination of six categories of Tourism Use
Areas (TUA), for which the key defining factors
were: environmental quality, environmental car-rying
capacity and attractiveness.
1) Restricted TUA, in which conservation is the
absolute priority and human activities can only
be developed through specific activity plans that
guarantee the integrity of the natural resources.
2) Partially restricted TUA, where only low
intensity and low impact tourism activities can
be developed so that such original landscapes
as exist within them are maintained in their
original state.
PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12(2). 2014 ISSN 1695-7121
Eliane Lopes Brenner; Gerda K. Priestley 289
3) Rural TUA, that can support higher visitor
levels, where landscape changes are permitted
in order to stimulate low intensity tourism
activities and where visitor interaction with
the environment and the local community are
priority objectives.
4) Semi­‑intensive
TUA, that can support inten-sive
tourist demand, albeit with certain controls
exercised on tourism activities in order to avoid
negative impacts on fragile natural resources
within the area.
5) Intensive TUA, where the development of
mass tourism is permitted.
6) Area devoid of tourist interest, due to the
lack of potentially attractive resources and
potential investors in their development.
Obviously, each area is clearly delimited and
possesses specific characteristics. Nevertheless,
they are not hermetic, as they constitute dynamic
systems that are open to external influences and,
consequently, are evolving constantly. An exa-mination
of the distribution and characteristics
of the different areas, including an analysis of
the resources implied and the identification of
the tourism forms that are best suited to each
specific area, reveals the existence of two clearly
defined zones: that of tourism concentration and
that of tourism expansion. The former includes
the majority of potential tourism resources. This
corresponds to the Intensive TUA and includes
the urban centre of Caldas Novas, the hotel and
leisure complex of the Pousada do Rio Quente and
the Restricted TUA. Three areas are defined as
zones of tourism expansion: the Partially Restricted
TUA, the Rural TUA and the Semi­‑intensive
TUA.
However, the first two of these are made up of
small, disconnected areas, a characteristic that
would restrict tourism development and cause
management problems.
A final consideration is the issue of connectivity
and accessibility, not only for visitors, but also for
nature. In the first case, connections between the
intensive and semi­‑intensive
TUAs are necessary,
in order to generate new tourist flows towards the
developing areas. A valid option in this case would
be the creation of cycle tracks and pedestrian
paths. A paved road would be the best option to
provide access to the Rural TUA, while serving,
at the same time, to integrate this zone with that
of major tourism concentrations. Finally, better
connections between the main tourism zone and
the Partially Restricted TUA are essential to
stimulate visitor flows towards a greater variety
of products.
Similarly, ecological corridors linking diffe-rent
sectors of the Partially Restricted TUA and
the Restricted TUA must be created, in order
to guarantee genetic flora and fauna flows and,
consequently, the survival of wild life in the region.
This measure would also have parallel benefi-cial
effects on tourism, as it would increase the
attractiveness of these two zones. Hence, albeit
the subdivisions identified, analysis reveals the
paradoxical need to establish intercommunica-tions,
with the objective of conserving valuable
elements capable of attracting visitor flows and
facilitating access to such places.
The process has now reached the point whe-re
tourism use potential and risks generated
as a result of the use of each area have been
identified, so that a basic spatial tourism deve-lopment
strategy can be formulated, respecting,
as already indicated, community interests and
sustainability parameters. Nevertheless, its
implementation requires discipline and this can
best be achieved by applying regulations. Hence,
an Environmental Regulation Plan for each
TUA should be drawn up. However, given that
this is a competence reserved by the municipal
and higher authorities, this study is limited to
providing a “Guide of suitable protective mea-sures
and actions to potentiate resource use”,
bearing in mind the specific characteristics of
the resources and outcomes such as the con-servation
of environmental quality. This guide
thus constitutes a synthesis of various planning
phases which together define good practices
in resource use and protection, as set out in
Table 2. The first column classifies each TUA
according to fragility and conservation levels. At
this stage, the Regulation Plan must be drawn
up. It comprises the biophysical, social and admi-nistrative
attributes of each area, together with
a statement of appropriate protection levels. The
next step comprises: the identification of the best
opportunities for creating new tourism products;
the desired future environmental conditions
and tourism structure in each area; and, in
consequence, the most viable types of use and
the associated risks.
The proposal of both protective and development
measures aims at adding depth and specificity
to the study of each area. On the basis of this
information, the authorities (as already mentioned)
should be able to draw up specific regulating plans
incorporating social and environmental indicators
for the various parameters involved, together with
a compulsory monitoring process for application
to natural conditions and the level of tourist sa-tisfaction
with the products available.
PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12(2). 2014 ISSN 1695-7121
290 Planning and sustainable development…
4.2. Basic sectorial strategy (BES): instru-ments
for tourism development
The basic sectorial strategy is comprised of three
tourism plans: an Institutional Reinforcement
Plan, which constitutes the key framework for
implementing measures; a Tourism Product Plan
which is an essential component in all plans; a
Promotion Plan, without which demand for the
products cannot be created. These three plans
include proposals for specific actions, based on
realities identified through fieldwork, in­‑depth
interviews and seminars. The various actions are
classified according to the time considered neces-sary
for their implementation: short­‑term
(up to 2
years), medium­‑term
(2­‑4
years) and long­‑term
(5­‑8
years), taking into consideration the time needed
to execute each action, the difficulties involved in
the implementation of certain measures, and the
inevitable delay in the modification of demand
patterns.
The three plans are outlined in Tables 3­‑7,
a
form of presentation that intends to provide clarity
and conciseness. The Institutional Reinforcement
Plan proposes legislative and political actions (Table
3)2 and measures to upgrade education and training
for the tourism sector (Table 4).
Table 2: Guide for necessary initiatives, according to Tourism Use Area (TUA) type
TUA type Types of use Risks
Protective and
development
measures
Corresponding
legislation
Restricted “Soft” tourism Integrity of
natural resources
threatened
Prohibition of use
of most fragile
zones
Control of visitor
flows
Infrastructure
development
Public Use
Plan including
environmental
education
programmes and
monitoring tools
Partially
restricted
Low intensity
tourism
Transformation of
original landscapes
Controlled resource
exploitation
Prohibition of high
impact activities
Tourism Activities
Plan
Rural Implication of
local community in
tourism process
Demand spatially
dispersed and
related to rural
heritage
Minor landscape
changes
Application of
environmental
ethical code
(mínimum impact
and limitations on
resource use)
Community
involvement in
planning process
Regulation of
programme of
activities and
events
Semi­‑
intensive Development to
maintain tourism
flows
Lack of control of
tourism activities,
endangering more
fragile natural
resources
Spatial dispersion
of permitted uses
Reservoir
Exploitation Plan
Regulation of use
of engine propelled
boats
Intensive Mass tourism Degradation
of tourism
environment
Infrastructure
development to
protect resources
while facilitating
their use for
tourism purposes
Overall Plan and
Regulation Code
for the exploitation
of tourism
resources
Source: Authors.
PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12(2). 2014 ISSN 1695-7121
Eliane Lopes Brenner; Gerda K. Priestley 291
Table 3: Legislative and Political measures under Municipal Council responsibility
Action * Agent(s) Involved Objective
Regulate and set up an Economic
and Tourism Development Fund
financed with 6% of municipal
income for tourism oriented
actions (S)*
Municipal Council, which
must pass a Municipal Law
dictating the assignment of 6%
of municipal income to tourism
oriented actions
Facilitate improvements
through increased municipal
funding, given the importance
of the tourism sector in the
municipality
Set up a Tourism Quality
Evaluation Committee within the
Municipal Council (M)
Municipal Council, which must
set up a Committee composed of
persons from the local tourism
sector
Strengthen the tourism sector
through its representation in the
local administrative structure,
as members of a specific body
that proposes and coordinates
initiatives to ensure the quality
of tourism products
Create a Municipal Tourism
Board (CMT) (S)
All the key enterprises in the
local tourism industry should be
represented in CMT
Elaborate projects and
programmes to support the
tourism sector and hence
coordinate the process of tourism
development
Enhance the role of the
Municipal Tourism Secretariat
(SMT) and the Municipal
Cultural Secretariat (SMC)
through an increase in
human resources and built
infrastructures (M/L)
­Municipal
Council, which should
use the extra financial resources
designated locally and also
apply for funding from superior
administrative levels
­Reorient
public investment in
the sector towards sustainable
products and practices
Celebrate an annual Municipal
Tourism Forum (S/M/L)
SMT, responsible for the
organisation and coordination of
the Forum
Maintain contacts and Exchange
of ideas among the various state
organisms
Update regulations on
environmental preservation,
subsoil contamination risks,
thermal source exploitation, etc.
(S)
SMA, in collaboration with the
corresponding legislative bodies
Elaborate proposals and
regulations and guarantee their
application (including control and
inspection)
Revise the General Municipal
Plan (POG) of urban land use
(S/M)
Municipal Council in
collaboration with the local
community
Optimise activities while
avoiding haphazard urban
expansion and irreversible
environmental damage, thus
safeguarding its quality
*Key: (S) short term; (M) medium term; (L) long term
Source: Authors.
PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12(2). 2014 ISSN 1695-7121
292 Planning and sustainable development…
Table 4: Educational and Training measures
Action * Agent(s) Involved Objective
Create and implement a
permanent ecologic conscience
programme (M)*
Regional universities in their
creation
­SMT
in their implementation,
with the collaboration of local
tourism sector
­Avoid
negative environmental
impacts caused by visitors
­Organise
seminars for updating
information about the local
tourism structure (S/M/L)
­SMT
and CMT in organisation
and promotion
­Local
tourism entrepreneurs and
community as participants
­Increase
understanding of the
weak and fragile points of the
tourist reception infrastructures
­Organise
specialised courses on
tourism topics for schoolteachers
(S/M/L)
­Regional
universities and
other local higher education
institutions
­Provide
local teachers with
more knowledge and a better
understanding of the tourism
system that can then be
transmitted to the sector
­Include
tourism topics in the
school curriculum (M)
­SME
for including modules on
tourism in the school educational
programme
­Provide
general education on
tourism development and its
impacts, given the development
of tourism associated enterprises
by the local population
­Upgrade
training in tourism­‑related
employment (S/M)
­SEBRAE
and SMT, by including
employees from the tourism
sector in the FAT programme
­Provide
better service to tourists
and improve product quality
­Introduce
a tourism education
programme for adolescents (M)
­SMT
in the introduction of the
programme
­Create
job opportunities for
young people
­Create
specialised tourist guide
courses (S)
­SESC
and SMT in the creation of
the courses
­Prepare
tour guides whose
environmental conscience will
contribute to the preservation
of the environment and well­‑informed
explanations will
increase tourist satisfaction
*Key: (S) short term; (M) medium term; (L) long term
Source: Authors.
The Tourism Product Plan is comprised of two
types of actions: urbanistic (Table 5) and structural,
associated with the different types of tourism that
could be developed (Table 6).
PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12(2). 2014 ISSN 1695-7121
Eliane Lopes Brenner; Gerda K. Priestley 293
Table 5: Urbanistic measures
Action * Agent(s) Involved Objective
­Improve
tourism signposting (S)* ­SMT
­Facilitate
access and rationalise
flows
­Renovate
the Tourist Reception
Centre (S)
­SMT
­Improve
tourist information
provision
­Set
up an efficient tourism­‑oriented
public transport system
in the municipality (S/M)
­Collaboration
agreement for
reinforcing the sector between
Municipal Council and DETRAN
­Provide
tourists with easy access
to attractions through innovate,
comfortable and reasonably
priced transport systems,
in order to encourage the
diversification of demand
­Revitalise
the urban centre by
widening pavements, resurfacing
streets and lining them with
trees (M)
­SMOP
­Improve
environmental quality
and visually enhance the built­‑
up area of the destination
­Create
new urban parks and
regulate their use (M)
­SMA
and SMT ­Enhance
and make better use
of natural resources, promote
tourist activities and increase the
range of products available
­Draw
up a Tourism Use Plan for
the urban centre (M)
­SMT
with support from the
university and the tourism
industry
­Guarantee
more suitable
resource use and upgrade the
tourism environment
­Install
a system of selective
rubbish collection and increase
the number of employees (S)
­SMOP
­Minimise
the impacts generated
by mass demand
­Install
tourist support
infrastructures (S / M).
­SMOP
­Eliminate
the deficit of public
fountains, toilets and public
telephones
­Construct
a new coach and bus
station (S)
­The
Municipal Council should
negotiate a State grant to finance
construction
­Provide
logistic support for
regional tourism demand
­Complete
construction work on
the airport (S)
­The
Municipal Council should
negotiate the provision of funding
and homologation by the State
and National Government
­Facilitate
access for long­‑haul
visitors
­Construct
a large Conference
Centre (M)
­The
Municipal Council should
negotiate the provision of funding
by the State and National
Governments and supervise
construction
­Increase
capacity for organising
congresses and conferences
­Install
strategically­‑placed
tourist information points that
can be consulted around the clock
(S)
­SMOP
and SMT ­Facilitate
tourism information
provision
*Key: (S) short term; (M) medium term; (L) long term
Source: Authors.
PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12(2). 2014 ISSN 1695-7121
294 Planning and sustainable development…
Table 6: Product specific structural measures
Type of
Product Action* Agent(s) Involved Objective
Tourism in
general
­Publish
a tourist guide
book and map (S)*
­SMT
with support from the
prívate sector
­Promote
the region
and improve visitors’
experiences
Health and
Wellness
­Encourage
the
establishment of health
and esthetic treatment
centres (M)
­Tourism
entrepreneurs ­Widen
the range of tourism
products, using the basic
resource
­Regulate
the professional
field of health and esthetics
through a code of rules and
inspections (M)
­SMS
­Guarantee
the reliability
and quality of the product
Ecotourism
­Draw
up a Tourism
Use Plan for PESCAN,
comprising sustainable
tourism activities (M)
­Competent
professionals
contracted by Municipal
Council in collaboration
with State Government
­Make
use of PESCAN
through active conservation
measures
Rural
­Design
and set up a rural
tourist attraction circuit
(M)
­SMT
in collaboration with
the rural population
­Widen
the range of tourism
products
­Set
up programmes to
encourage the development
of rural tourism in
collaboration with the rural
population (L)
­SMT
in collaboration with
the Municipal Prefecture
­Diversify
the rural economy
­Set
up an Agricultural
Museum (M)
­Tourism
entrepreneurs ­Widen
the range of tourism
products
Sport
­Encourage
participation
in sport through sports
programmes and promotion
(M)
­SMT
together with the
corresponding sport
associations
­Respond
to a latent
demand already identified
and make use of natural
resources with tourism
potential
Aquatic
Activities
­Draw
up and implement a
Tourism Use Plan for Lago
Corumbá (M)
­SMT
in collaboration with
tourism entrepreneurs
­Widen
the range of tourism
products
Cultural
­Recover
the historic and
cultural heritage (M/L)
­SMC
for both
implementation and
coordination
­Recover
local heritage and
culture
­Design
cultural itineraries
and a shopping circuit (M)
­SMT
in collaboration with
the commercial sector
­Widen
the range of tourism
products
Events
­Develop
and implement an
event calendar (M)
­SMT
and AGETUR ­Maintain
tourism demand
constantly throughout the
year
­Organise
and promote
festivals and competitions
and acquire financial
support for them (M)
­Municipal
Council and
commercial entities linked
to the tourism sector
­Create
new leisure
activities and attractions
for the local population and
promote regional exchange
*Key: (S) short term; (M) medium term; (L) long term
Source: Authors.
PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12(2). 2014 ISSN 1695-7121
Eliane Lopes Brenner; Gerda K. Priestley 295
The purpose of the Promotion Plan is to identify
marketing and commercialising measures adapted
to the new circumstances. The current image of the
Caldas Novas project is one of a stereotype in which
the existing commercialising mechanisms follow a
fixed pattern devoid of flexibility and imagination.
As a result, it is imperative to introduce novel
initiatives to reach new market segments and
generate alternative types of demand (Table 7).
The operational calendar (Table 8) pinpoints
the key short­‑term
needs: the creation of a solid
institutional base for tourism; and the provision of
major infrastructures that are essential to upgra-de
the current tourism system. Human resource
training and urban improvement are identified
as medium­‑term
objectives. The strengthening of
the system’s base is a pre­‑requisite
for the future
development of new products, so these consequently
will only be feasible in the long­‑term.
This table
can therefore be considered a summary of the
entire strategic plan.
Table 7: Promotional and Commercialisation measures
Action* Agent(s) Involved Objective
Undertake an awareness programme
among the local population to promote
a positive and friendly attitude
towards tourists (S/M/L)*
SMT and tourism sector agents Improve attention to
tourists
Produce high quality promotional
materials (S)
SMT and local tourism
entrepreneurs, with assessment
from SEBRAE and AGETUR (for
production and diffusion)
Increase tourism flows
and diversify the type of
demand
Undertake a nation­‑wide
publicity
campaign to acquire recognition of
all the products and potential in the
municipality (M/L)
SMT and local tourism
entrepreneurs, with assessment
from SEBRAE and AGETUR and
a specialized company contracted
ad hoc
Increase tourism flows
and diversify the type of
demand
*Key: (S) short term; (M) medium term; (L) long term
Source: Authors.
Table 8: Calendar for implementing the key actions proposed
Short­‑term
Medium­‑term
Long­‑term
Action
Institu-tional
­Economic
and tourism
development fund
­CMT
­Land
Use Plan
Training
­Tourism
skill improvement
seminars
­Labour
force training
Urban
structure
­Tourist
signposting
­Major
infrastructures
(airport and bus terminal)
­Urban
downtown
enhancement (tree planting)
­Pavement
repairs and
extension (beyond centre)
­Urban
cohesion
improvements
Leisure
activities
­Caldas
Novas street plan and
tourist Guide
­PESCAN
tourism use Plan
­Lago
Corumbá tourism use
Plan
Rural tourism development
Promotion
Publicity campaign
Source: Authors.
PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12(2). 2014 ISSN 1695-7121
296 Planning and sustainable development…
5. Conclusion
Tourism planning guarantees the control of
physical and social impacts and reduces the danger
of continuous tourism development which can lead
to the destination’s eventual saturation and even
decline as Butler (1980) recognised so long ago.
Moreover, it is also clear that the implication of the
political powers, the local community and tourism
entrepreneurs is the starting point to approach a
planning process with hopes of success. At present
there is an evident trend towards tourism expan-sion
based on the exploitation of natural resources
and the consolidation of policies to achieve this end.
At the same time, it must be remembered that
the long­‑term
survival of the human race depends
on the wise use of natural resources, so their use
must be carefully planned to avoid abuse. These
factors situate environmental preservation as one
of the major challenges facing tourism development
policies in the country, together with quality issues.
In many cases, the implementation of proposals en-counters
difficulties as a consequence of the lack of an
appropriate and clearly defined framework adapted
to the specific vocation of the territory. Hence it is
absolutely essential to bear in mind the idiosyncrasies
of the area and the characteristics of each resource in
order to ensure sustainable forms of tourism activity.
Until now, the tourism planning process has, to all
accounts, followed an impulsionist approach, whereby
centralized planning has predominated, offering
no opportunities for the destination community to
manifest its preferences or exercise even minimum
control over development. However, academic dis-course
on tourism planning is moving towards the
need to incorporate social and environmental issues
in the economic considerations that are the base of
tourism development. As a result, this new proposal
has taken a physical approach –placing priority on
environmental sustainability­‑
as the starting point,
adding to this a social approach, through which
the role of the local community is reinforced. The
inclusion of temporal considerations –past, present
and future­‑
also provides a clearer view of the possi-bilities,
while the classification of strategies into two
categories –sectorial and territorial aspects­‑
makes
the application of measures more feasible. The au-thors
consider that, without doubt, this procedure
is much more likely to meet with success than less
comprehensive methods applied in the past.
Abbreviations used in the text
AGETUR: Agencia Goiana do Turismo (Goias
state agency for tourism planning and
management)
CMT: Conselho Municipal do Turismo (mu-nicipal
council of representatives of
all tourism sectors, including hotels,
restaurants, guides, university …)
DETRAN: Departamento Nacional do Transito
(Goias state department for planning
and management of roads and main
urban highways)
FAT: Fundo de Apoio ao Trabalhador
(National government fund that finan-ces
short and medium length training
courses for workers)
PESCAN: Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas
(Goias state park)
SEBRAE: Serviço Nacional de Apoio às Micro e
Pequena Empresa (National organism
for promoting and assisting private
enterprises through training programs
and financial aid for small companies)
SESC: Serviço Social do Comercio (National
organism for promoting training pro-grammes
in the service sector)
SM: Secretaria Municipal (Goiás state or-ganism
for planning and mangement
with a delegation in all municipali-ties)
SMA: Secretaria Municipal do Meio Ambiente
(for the environment))
SMC: Secretaria Municipal de Cultura (for
socio­‑cultural
services)
SME: Secretaria Municipal de Educação (for
education)
SMS: Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (for
the health service)
SMT: Secretaria Municipal de Turismo (for
tourism)
SMOP: Secretaria Municipal de Obras Públi-cas
(public works)
Bibliografia
Acerenza, M. A.,
1992. Administración del turismo: Planificación
y dirección. Vol. 2. (2nd ed.). Trillas, Mexico.
Akehurst, G.,
2001. Estratégia de desenvolvimento turistico
orientado para a comunidade – Kalisz, Polônia.
In: Tyler, D., Guerrier, Y., Robertson, M. (Eds.)
Gestão de turismo municipal. Futura, São Paulo,
pp. 41­‑67.
Baud­‑Bovy,
M.,
1977. Tourism and recreation development. The
Architectural Press, London.
Beni, M.,
2001. Análise estrutural do turismo. (6th ed.).
SENAC, São Paulo.
PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 12(2). 2014 ISSN 1695-7121
Eliane Lopes Brenner; Gerda K. Priestley 297
Bissoli, M. A.,
2000. Planejamento turístico municipal com suporte
em sistemas de informação. Futura, São Paulo.
Butler, R. W.,
1980. The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution
and implications for management. Canadian
Geographer 14, 5­‑12.
Fernández Güell, J. M.,
1989. El turismo como sistema turístico. Estudios
Turísticos 101, 71­‑83.
Fuster Lareu, J.,
1972. Estudio sobre estrangulamientos: saturación
de municipios turísticos. Estudios Turísticos
34, 233­‑242.
Getz, D.,
1987. Tourist planning and research: traditions,
models and futures. The Australian Travel
Research Workshop, 5­‑6
November, pp.5­‑13.
Gunn, L. A.,
1988. Tourism Planning. Taylor & Francis, New
York.
Hall, C. M.,
2001. A tomada de decisao política e o planejamento
centralizado ­‑
Darling Harbour, Sydney. In:
Tyler, D., Guerrier, Y., Robertson, M. (Eds.)
Gestão de turismo municipal. Futura, São Paulo,
pp. 21­‑40.
Hernández, A.,
1982. Planificación turística: un enfoque metodo-lógico.
Trillas, Mexico.
Leiper, N.,
1990. Tourism systems: an interdisciplinary
perspective. Massey University, Palmerston
North, NZ.
Leno Cerro, F.,
1993. Técnicas de evaluación del potencial tu-rístico.
Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y
Turismo, Dirección General de Política Turís-tica,
Madrid.
López Oliveras, D.,
1998. La ordenación y planificación integrada de
los recursos territoriales turísticos. Universitat
Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana.
Mendonça, R.,
1996. Turismo ou meio ambiente: uma falsa opo-sição?
In: Rodrigues, A. B. Turismo: Reflexoes
teóricas e enfoques regionais. (2nd ed.). Hucitec,
São Paulo, pp. 17­‑25.
Mill, R. C., Morrison, A. M.,
1992. The tourism system. (2nd ed.). Prentice­‑Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Murphy, P.,
1985. Tourism: a community approch. Methuen,
New York.
Pearce, D.,
1989. Tourist development. (2nd ed.). Longman,
Harlow, UK.
Petrocchi, M.,
1998. Turismo, planejamento e gestão. Futura,
São Paulo.
Vera, J. F., López Palomeque, F., Marchena, M.
J., Antón, S.,
1997. Análisis territorial del turismo. Ariel, Bar-celona.
Notas
1 Obviously this stage will not be examined in
the case study due to temporal limitations.
2 Names of organisms are abbreviated in all the
tables and a glossary is included at the end of
the text.
Recibido: 01/08/2012
Reenviado: 03/06/2013
Aceptado: 09/12/2013
Sometido a evaluación por pares anónimos